Vim编辑器总结

发表于 分类于 Waline： 本文字数： 34k 阅读时长 ≈ 31 分钟

前言

最近换了工作，博客很久没跟新了。新工作与原来的领域知识相差很多，变化比较大，所以需要了解的东西比较多。之前大部分情况都是使用VS或SourceInsight阅读写代码，由于最近需要频繁在Linux远程服务器上进行代码开发，同时Windows磁盘映射的速度很慢，为了提高生产力，因此尝试这使用Linux自带的文本编辑器VIM来进行代码编辑,下面简要介绍下对VIM的基本了解和使用。

VIM入门

VIM工作模式

VIM是纯文本的文本编辑器，纯文本的编辑常用的操作就是增删改减，在这些基本的操作过程中，需要辅助一些其他的操作，如为了定位文本需要进行鼠标移动操作命令，为了选中文本需要进行文本选中操作，为了进行文本查找、替换等操作需要文本筛选操作等等。为了方便这些操作VIM延伸出4种基本的工作模式。

Normal模式

VIM缺省模式,主要在该模式下进行文本定位移动和删除, 在其他模式下通过Esc回到Normal模式.

Insert模式

该模式在需要输入文本时候使用，正常模式下通过以下命令进入插入模式:

  1. i(光标前插入)
  2. a(光标后插入)
  3. c(光标处固定长度替换插入)
  4. s(光标处不固定长度替换插入)
  5. o(在光标下一行行首插入)
  6. I(行首前插入)
  7. A(行尾后插入)
  8. C(光标处到行尾替换插入)
  9. S(整行替换插入)
  10. O(在光标上一行行首插入)

Visual模式

该模式主要用于文本选定,这样可以方便后续进行块的替换、删除、复制粘贴操作,正常模式输入以下命令进入Visual模式：

  1. v(小写):按字符选定
  2. V(大写):按行选定
  3. Ctrl-V(大写):按列选定

Command模式

该模式用于执行文本编辑命令，正常模式下输入以下命令然后回车(Enter)即可完成所需的命令：

  1. :(冒号)一般的命令,命令包括外部命令(以！开头),内部命令(不加！)
  2. /(正斜杠)正向搜索命令
  3. ?(问号)反向搜索命令

在了解基本命令后通过后续不断练习来熟悉VIM操作.

VIM练习

vimtutor

一开始练习，推荐Linux系统自带的vimtutor工具，直接在shell终端输入:

1
vimtutor

按照vimtutor的顺序开始45min~60min的练习后，大概会了解和熟悉VIM的基本操作：

  1. 上下左右移动: k,j,h,l; 移动到单词末尾:e;
  2. 强制退出: :q!<Enter>; 保存退出: :wq<Enter>;保存所有Buffer: :wa<Enter>;保存当前打开文本到新建文件: :w + new_file_name<Enter>; 打开文件: :e + file_name; 查看Buffer: :ls,选中某一个Buffer n: :b N;选中打开的Buffer前一个和后一个文件::bp, :bn;
  3. 删除光标处字符:x
  4. 光标前插入:i; 行尾插入:A
  5. 删除命令:d + motion,如:

    de:删除光标至单词末尾
    d$:删除光标至行尾
    dw:删除光标至下一个单词首
    dd:删除当前行

  6. 使用数字进行一次行多次移动,删除操作,如:

    2k:向上移动两行
    3e:移动到光标后第3个单词末尾
    0:移动到行首(不忽略空格, ^:移动到行首忽略空格)
    d2w(2dw):删除光标位置开始两个单词(d + num + motion 或者 num + d + motion)
    2dd(d2d):删除当前行和下一行共两行

  7. 恢复上一次修改:u; 恢复当前行的所有修改:U; 撤销恢复:Ctrl+R
  8. 复制黏贴: 复制:y + motion; 黏贴:p

    yw: 复制到下个单词行首(不包括行首字符)
    yaw: 复制当前单词(y a word for short)
    y$: 复制光标至行末

  9. 单个字符替换: r; 当前光标无长度限制覆盖式替换:R
  10. 替换操作:c + num + motion,如:

    cw: 替换到下个单词首(不包括首字符);
    caw: 替换当前单词(y a word for short)
    c$: 替换光标至行末
    c2e: 替换光标至下一个单词末(包括尾字符)

  11. 文件状态定位,如:

    Ctrl-G:查看当前文件位置和状态
    G:移动到文件首行
    gg:移动到文件尾行

  12. 搜索&替换,如:

    /: 正向搜索
    n:匹配同向搜索结果,N:匹配反向搜索结果
    ?: 反向搜索
    n:匹配同向搜索结果,N:匹配反向搜索结果
    :s<Enter>:替换
    :s/old/new<Enter>:在一行内替换第一个old为new
    :s/old/new/g<Enter>:在一行内替换所有old为new
    :#,#s/old/new/g<Enter>:在两个#代表的行内替换所有old为new
    :%s/old/new/g<Enter>:在整个文件内替换所有old为new
    :%s/old/new/gci<Enter>:在整个文件内替换所有old为new,且需要确认(c)并且忽略大小写(i)

  13. 执行外部命令,以!开头:

    :!pwd<Enter>: 显示当前工作路径
    :!ls<Enter>: 显示当前工作路径所有文件

  14. 读取文本到当前光标位置

    :r !pwd<Enter>: 读取当前工作路径文本到光标位置
    :r filename<Enter>: 读取filename文件内文本到光标位置

VIM帮助

通过Linux自带的vimtutor基本上就会使用基本的文本编辑操作了,如果需要查询更详细的可以输入如下命令:

:help user-manual

VIM规律与技巧

移动光标

VIM移动光标命令是以一定的操作单位为基本移动距离的,然后在需要的时候选择合适的操作次数,基本原则是: 先定操作单位再定操作次数,基本的操作单位如下表所示:

操作单位 命令 备注
字符 h(左移动一个字符);l(右移动一个字符) 无
单词 w/W(移动到下单词首);b/B(移动到上单词首);e/E(移动到光标所在单词首) W,B,E单词是以空格和Tab区分单词的,w,b,e是以数字和字母外其他字符区分单词的
行 j(移动到下行);k(移动到上行);0(移动到当前行首);^(移动到当前行首第一个非空字符);$(移动到当前行尾);:n(移动到第n行) 无
句子 )(移动到当前句尾);((移动到当前句首) 句子边界是以.,!,?结尾并紧随着一个换行、空格或制表符,段落和节也视为句子边界
段落 }(移动到当前段尾);{(移动到当前段首) 段边界是以空行为边界,段落和节也视为句子边界
屏 H(移动到屏幕第一行);M(移动到屏幕中间行);L(移动到屏幕最后行) 无
页 Ctrl-f(向前滚动一页);Ctrl-b(向后滚动一页);Ctrl-u(向前滚动半页);Ctrl-d(向后滚动半页) 无
文件 G(移动到文件尾);gg(移动到文件头);:0(移动到文件第一行);:$(移动到文件最后一行) 无

  1. 移动光标到指定字符:

    fa:移动到当前行字符a处,F则表示反方向
    2fa:移动到当前行第二次出现字符a处,F则表示反方向
    ta:移动到当前行字符a前一处,T则表示反方向

  2. 文本编辑确定原则后,基本的编辑格式为:

    1
    num + motion

    3j: 向下移动三行
    5G: 移动到第5行

  3. 移动光标基本单位外还有些常用命令如下:

    %: 跳转到与之匹配的括号处
    .: 重复执行上次命令
    /.: 跳转到最近修改位置并定位编辑点 *: 向前搜索光标所在单词 #: 向后搜索光标所在单词 q/: 显示搜索命令历史窗口 q:`: 显示命令模式输入的命令历史窗口

编辑文本

基本编辑文本命令

与移动光标类似,在进行文本增删改选中等操作过程中也需要操作单位和操作数量,这些操作单位与光标移动一样,基本原则是: 先定操作类型,后定操作单位和操作次数, 基本操作单位和命令如表所示:

操作单位 命令 备注
字符 x(删除光标位置所在字符);c(替换光标位置所在字符,并进入插入模式);s(替换光标位置所在字符,并进入插入模式;r(替换光标位置所在字符,不进入插入模式;i(在光标位置所在字符前插入,并进入插入模式;a(在光标位置所在字符后插入,并进入插入模式; 无
单词 c(d,y,v)w/cW(修改到下单词首);c(d,y,v)b/c(d,y,v)B(修改到上单词首);c(d,y,v)e/c(d,y,v)E(修改到光标所在单词首) W,B,E单词是以空格和Tab区分单词的,w,b,e是以数字和字母外其他字符区分单词的
行 c(d,y,v)j(修改到下行);c(d,y,v)k(修改到上行);c(d,y,v)0(修改到当前行首);c(d,y,v)^(修改到当前行首第一个非空字符);c(d,y,v)$(修改到当前行尾); 无
句子 c(d,y,v))(修改到当前句尾);c(d,y,v)((修改到当前句首) 句子边界是以.,!,?结尾并紧随着一个换行、空格或制表符,段落和节也视为句子边界
段落 c(d,y,v)}(修改到当前段尾);c(d,y,v){(修改到当前段首) 段边界是以空行为边界,段落和节也视为句子边界
文件 c(d,y,v)G(修改到文件尾);c(d,y,v)gg(修改到文件头);:0(移动到文件第一行);:$(移动到文件最后一行) 无

文本编辑确定原则后,基本的编辑格式为:

1
c(d,y,v) + num + motion

caw: 替换当前光标所在单词
d2w: 删除当前光标所在至后面一个单词

列操作

常用的列操作命令有:
Ctrl-V: 进入列编辑模式,然后通过移动命令选中列进行编辑操作
I: 进入列编辑模式时候鼠标前插入操作
A: 进入列编辑模式时候鼠标后插入操作

文本区域选中或编辑

  1. 选中或编辑一个区域,不包括区域符号本身:
    1
    c(d,y,v) + i + region(",',),],})
  2. 选中或编辑一个区域,包括区域符号本身:
    1
    c(d,y,v) + a + region(",',),],})

文本编辑其他常用命令

文本编辑基本单位外还有些常用命令如下:

dd: 删除光标所在行
yy: 复制光标所在行
xp: 交换光标位置和其后的字符
ddp: 交换光标和其后的行
~: 将光标所在字符大小写翻转
guw: 将光标所在单词变为小写
gUw: 将光标所在单词变为大写
guu: 将光标所在行所有字符变为小写
gUU: 将光标所在行所有字符变为大写
g~~: 将光标所在行所有字符大小写翻转
ga: 显示光标所在字符内码
>>: 右缩进
<<: 左缩进
==: 格式化
Ctrl-p: 自动补全
Ctrl-n: 自动补全移动选中
Shirf-K: 显示光标所在当前Linux系统函数帮助界面

VIM其他常用功能

分屏

相关概念

VIM支持多窗口分屏功能,了解分屏功能之前,需了解VIM的几个概念:

  1. Buffer
    A buffer is the in-memory text of a file:可以看做内存中的文本,还未写到磁盘上,修改均发生在内存上
  2. Window
    A window is a viewport on a buffer: 用来显示Buffer, 同一个Buffer可以有多个Window(一个Window只显示一个Buffer)
  3. Tab
    A tab page is a collection of windows: 包含一系列Window

分屏命令

常用的分屏命令有:
:split: 创建分屏,默认是水平分屏(:vsplit是垂直分屏)
Ctrl-w + (i,j,h,k): 上下左右切换分屏
Ctrl-w + (I,J,H,K): 上下左右移动光标所在分屏
Ctrl-w +(-) : 增加或减少尺寸
Ctrl-w +(_[Shift+-]) : 屏幕高度扩展到最大
Ctrl-w +(|[Shift+\]) : 屏幕宽度扩展到最大

切页命令

常用的切页命令有:
:tabnew + file_name: 新建一个Tab页
:tabc: 关闭当前Tab页
:tabo: 关闭所有其他Tab页
:tabs: 查看所有Tab页
:tabp: 查看前一个Tab页
:tabn: 查看后一个Tab页
Ngt: 查看第N个Tab页

xshell及SecureCRT可以通过Alt + N切换Tab页

文本折叠

折叠模式

VIM文本支持多种折叠模式,可以通过以下命令在vim中设置或写在.vimrc配置文件中:

1
2
3
:set foldmethod=manual|indent|expr|syntax|diff|marker
或者简写:
:set fdm=manual|indent|expr|syntax|diff|marker

VIM折叠包括以下几种模式说明如下表所示:

折叠模式 备注
manual 手工定义折叠
indent 缩进表示折叠
expr 表达式表示折叠
syntax 语法高亮表示折叠
diff 对没有更改文本表示折叠
marker 用特定标识(一般默认是{,},[,]表示折叠)

折叠命令

常用的VIM折叠命令如下表所示:

折叠命令 说明
zf 将选中的文本执行折叠
zo 打开当前的折叠
zc 关闭当前的折叠
za 打开关闭折叠切换
zd 删除当前的折叠
zj 移动至下一个折叠
zk 移动至上一个折叠
zn 禁用折叠
zN 启用折叠
zE 删除所有的折叠
zM 关闭所有及嵌套的折叠
zr 打开所有的折叠
zR 打开所有及嵌套的折叠

折叠命令实例:

zf命令将选中的文本执行折叠,支持通过移动命令组合来折叠制定行,如:
zf10j:折叠当前行后10行;
5zf: 将当前行及其后4行折叠起来,
zf7G: 将当前行至全文第7行折叠起来,
zfa(: 折叠(包围区域
每次使用zf命令折叠后需要使用:mkview命令来保存折叠状态,该命令会在.vim下面生成view文件夹,后续重新打开该折叠后的文件可以通过:loadview来加载上次保存的折叠状态

可以通过以下命令查看折叠help：

1
:help folding

文本编辑宏录制

VIM文本编辑宏主要是解决重复编辑操作或有一定规律的编辑操作,实在 Normal模式 下进行的,主要步骤如下:

  1. q*:开始录制,*可以为0~9a~zA~Z中任意字符,相当于寄存器用来存刚才录制的宏
  2. 执行VIM编辑操作
  3. q: 停止录制宏
  4. @*: 执行录制宏,可以前面加数字表示执行多少次,如10@a表示重复执行10次录制在寄存器a中的宏,@@表示重复执行上次的@*操作

如实现数字序号递增功能:

  1. 在某行输入1,并Esc退回至Normal模式
  2. 输入qa开始录制
  3. 输入yy复制当前1;输入j跳入下行;输入p黏贴到下行;输入Ctrl-a使数字自增
  4. 输入q结束录制
  5. 输入n@a可以使数字递增至n

可以通过以下命令查看宏help：

1
:help recording

文本对比

VIM中可以通过如下命令以比较方式进行文件对比:

  1. 打开两个文件进行对比:
    1
    2
    3
    vim -d file1 file2
    或者:
    vimdiff file1 file2
  2. 已经打开文件file1,打开file2文件与其进行对比:
    1
    2
    3
    4
    水平分割打开两个窗口:
    diffsplit file2
    或垂直分割打开两个窗口:
    vert diffsplit file2
  3. 已经打开文件file1,file2文件,分别在两个窗口输入:
    1
    diffthis
  4. 其他文本比较命令:
比较命令 备注
:vimupdate 更改文件后,更新diff结果
[c 跳转到上一个diff点
]c 跳转到下一个diff点
dp 将diff点的当前文档应用到另一个文档 (diff put)
do 将diff点的另一个文档应用到当前文档 (diff obtain)

VIM编译(Ubuntu)

VIM可以从GitHub上下载最新源码进行编译,编译过程类似于这样的:

  1. 下载最新的VIM源码:

    1
    git clone https://github.com/vim/vim.git

  2. 清除VIM源码之前的编译结果:

    1
    2
    sudo make clean
    sudo make disclean

  3. 配置编译选项:

    1
    ./configure --with-feature=huge --enable-rubyinterp --enable-pythoninterp --enable-python3interp --enable-perlinterp --enable-multibyte --enable-cscope --with-python-config-dir=/usr/lib/python2.7/config-x86_64-linux-gnu/ --with-python-config-dir=/usr/lib/python3.5/config-3.5m-x86_64-linux-gnu/ --prefix=/usr/local/vim

    --with-feature=huge: 支持最大特性
    --enable-rubyinterp: 打开对ruby编写插件的支持
    --enable-pythoninterp:打开对python编写插件的支持
    --enable-python3interp :打开对python3编写插件的支持
    --enable-perlinterp :打开对perl编写插件的支持
    --enable-multibyte :打开多字节支持,可以在VIM中支持中文
    --enable-cscope :打开对CSCOPE的支持
    --with-python-config-dir=/usr/lib/python2.7/config-x86_64-linux-gnu/ : 指定python路径
    --with-python-config-dir=/usr/lib/python3.5/config-3.5m-x86_64-linux-gnu/ :指定python3的路径
    --prefix=/usr/local/vim : 自定义VIM安装路径

  4. 编译安装VIM:

    1
    sudo make && make install

  5. 若安装出现问题需要安装以下依赖:

    1
    2
    3
    sudo apt-get install python-dev
    sudo apt-get install python3-dev
    sudo apt-get install libncurses5-dev

  6. 至此,VIM已经安装到--prefix指定的/usr/local/vim路径了,可以通过vim --version 查看VIM的相关信息,还可以通过以下命令增加软连接来自启动新编译的VIM:

    1
    ln -s /usr/bin/vim /usr/local/vim

  7. VIM卸载方法:

    1
    2
    sudo apt-get remove --purge vim(--purge是完全删除,连同配置文件)
    sudo apt-get clean

VIM配置及插件

VIM配置

本人的VIM配置如下:

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
set nocompatible                         " Set no compatible with vi (older version) so we can use extend function of
set showcmd		                 " Show (partial) command in status line.
set showmatch		                 " Show matching brackets.
set ignorecase		                 " Do case insensitive matching
set smartcase		                 " Do smart case matching
set incsearch		                 " Incremental search
set hlsearch 		                 " High light  search
set autowrite		                 " Automatically save before commands like :next and :make
set hidden		                 " Hide buffers when they are abandoned
set number 		                         " Display nunmber lines
set relativenumber 		                 " Display  relative nunmber lines
set foldenable                           " Enable auto fold
set foldmethod=indent                    " Set fold method
set foldlevel=99                         " Set fold level
set autowrite                            " Set auto save 
set cursorline                           " Dipslay the current line boldly
"hi CursorLine cterm=NONE ctermbg=gray ctermfg=darkred gui=bold" cursor line highlight color 
hi CursorLine cterm=NONE ctermbg=darkred ctermfg=white gui=bold" cursor line highlight color 
hi CursorColumn cterm=NONE ctermbg=darkred ctermfg=red " cursor column line highlight color 

set confirm                              " Pop up confirm msg when processing unsaved files and read-only files
set autoindent                           " Set auto indent , when copying block text from outside to vim, this shoud be close in case indent problem
set smartindent                          " Set c-stlyel auto indent, when copying block text from outside to vim, this shoud be close in case indent problem
set cindent                              " Set auto indent, when copying block text from outside to vim, this shoud be close in case indent problem
set noexpandtab                          " Set no tab replaced by space
set smarttab                             " Using tab at beginning of a row and paragraph
set showmatch                            " Hightlight display matched brackets
set ruler                                " Display cursor's line number in staus bar
set nobackup                             " Not back up file when overlapping files  
set noswapfile                             " Not swap file when overlapping files  


"++++++++++++++++++++ set value config++++++++++++++++++++
set mouse=a                              " Enable mouse all
set clipboard=unnamedplus                " Sync System clipboard with Vim, 'vim --version \| grep clipboard' and 'sudo apt install vim-gtk'
set guifont=Courier_New:h10:cANSI        " Set font 
set cmdheight=1                          " Set cmd height 
set termencoding=utf-8                   " Set terminate like console encoding 
set encoding=utf-8                       " Set vim inner like buffer,msg txt, menu txt  encoding 
set fileencodings=utf-8,cp936,ucs-bom    " Set file content encoding list and when opening a file, it will open according to the detected encoding sequence
set fileencoding=utf-8                   " Set the current file content encoding when saving a file 
set expandtab                            " Set Tab expand to space
set tabstop=4                            " Set tab widths = 4
set softtabstop=4                        " Set tab indent widths  = 4
set shiftwidth=4                         " Set swap row tab indent widths  = 4

VIM插件

VIM可供选择的插件很多,本人常用的插件有:

  1. NerdTree
    功能：文件导航,主要功能包括:
    a)： 树状显示某个工程下文件,并支持文件打开,搜索,增删改查等基本操作
    b)： 支持设置BookMark
    c)： 支持文件预览和垂直及水平多屏方式打开
    d)： 支持变更文件工程当前工作目录
    帮助:
    在NerdTree窗口输入? 或者输入:

    1
    :help nerdtree

  2. Tagbar
    功能：C/C++文件内容分类和快速定位
    a)： 支持文件namespace,functin,variant等类型分类及快速定位
    帮助:
    在Tagbar窗口输入? 或者输入:

    1
    :help tagbar

  3. CtrlP
    功能：文件快速搜索
    a)： 支持文件在指定工程目录下快速搜索
    b)： 支持文件在最近最常使用的文件集合中搜索
    c)： 支持文件在Buffer文件集合中搜索
    帮助:

    1
    :help ctrlp

  4. a.vim
    功能：C/C++文件头文件和源文件切换
    a)： 支持头文件和源文件在不同窗口模式(水平,垂直)中进行切换
    帮助:

    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    8
    9
    10
    11
    12
    13
    `:A` switches to the header file corresponding to the current file being edited (or vise versa)
    `:AS` splits and switches
    `:AV` vertical splits and switches
    `:AT` new tab and switches
    `:AN` cycles through matches
    `:IH` switches to file under cursor
    `:IHS` splits and switches
    `:IHV` vertical splits and switches
    `:IHT` new tab and switches
    `:IHN` cycles through matches
    `<Leader>ih` switches to file under cursor
    `<Leader>is` switches to the alternate file of file under cursor (e.g. on  <foo.h> switches to foo.cpp)
    `<Leader>ihn` cycles through matches

  5. NerdCommenter
    功能：快速注释
    a)： 支持不同形式(行注释、块注释)的快速注释和反注释
    帮助:

    1
    :help nerdcommenter

  6. Syntastic
    功能：静态语法错误检查
    a)： 支持静态语法检查并提示出错行和出错信息
    帮助:

    1
    :help syntasitc

  7. vim-surround
    功能：快速],},(,',",<等封闭符号编辑
    a)： 支持快速],},(,',",<等封闭符号增删修改
    帮助:

    1
    :help surround

  8. vim-airline
    功能：状态栏显示
    a)： 支持状态栏各种编辑状态显示
    帮助:

    1
    :help airline

  9. solarized
    功能：配色
    a) 支持dark和light两种配色

  10. vim-fugitive
    功能：vim git管理插件
    a) 支持vim git快速方便管理
    帮助:

    1
    :help fugitive

  11. YouCompleteMe
    功能：vim 自动补全功能
    a) 支持vim像IDE一样自动补全,不过安装很复杂,需要llvm+clang编译和VIM的python支持
    帮助:

    1
    :help youcompleteme

  12. vim-markdown
    功能：vim markdown语法高亮
    a) 支持vim中markdown编辑语法高亮
    帮助:

    1
    :help markdown

  13. markdown-preview.nvim
    功能：vim markdown预览
    a) 支持vim中markdown预览
    帮助:

    1
    :help markdown-preview

  14. fzf
    功能：vim模糊查找功能
    a) 支持vim中文本模糊查找
    b) 支持vim文件名模糊查找
    c) 支持vim最近使用文件模糊查找
    帮助:

    1
    :help fzf

  15. indentLine
    功能：vim缩进可视化
    a) 支持vim缩进显示
    帮助:

    1
    :help indentLine

  16. vim-snippets
    功能：vim代码Snippet
    a) 支持vim代码Snippet
    帮助:

    1
    :help snippets

  17. Vundle
    功能：vim 插件包管理插件
    a) 通过git方式来管理VIM插件包,支持通过github或VIM插件中在线自动更新插件和本地文件插件更新
    帮助:

    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    `:PluginList`       - lists configured plugins
    `:PluginInstall`    - installs plugins; append `!` to update or just
    `:PluginUpdate`     - update plugins;
    `:PluginSearch` foo - searches for foo; append `!` to refresh local cache
    `:PluginClean`      - confirms removal of unused plugins; append `!` to auto-approve removal

VIM中插件配置如下:

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
"++++++++++++++++++++ plugin in config++++++++++++++++++++ 
filetype off                  " required
set rtp+=$HOME/.vim/bundle/Vundle.vim     " set the runtime path to include Vundle and initialize
call vundle#begin()
" alternatively, pass a path where Vundle should install plugins
" call vundle#begin('~/some/path/here')

" let Vundle manage Vundle, required
Plugin 'VundleVim/Vundle.vim'


"********** How to add different plugin **********  
" The following are examples of different formats supported.
" Keep Plugin commands between vundle#begin/end.
" plugin on GitHub repo
Plugin 'vim-scripts/a.vim'
Plugin 'preservim/nerdcommenter'
Plugin 'preservim/nerdtree'
Plugin 'altercation/solarized'
Plugin 'preservim/tagbar'
Plugin 'vim-airline/vim-airline'
Plugin 'godlygeek/tabular'
Plugin 'preservim/vim-markdown'
Plugin 'iamcco/markdown-preview.nvim'
Plugin 'tpope/vim-surround'
Plugin 'tpope/vim-fugitive'
Plugin 'junegunn/fzf', {'do': {-> fzf#install()}}
Plugin 'junegunn/fzf.vim'
Plugin 'dense-analysis/ale'
Plugin 'rust-lang/rust.vim'
Plugin 'ycm-core/YouCompleteMe'
Plugin 'tmhedberg/SimpylFold' " Fold plugin for python
Plugin 'nvie/vim-flake8'      " Syntax checking for python
Plugin 'Yggdroot/indentLine'  " Display thin vertical lines at each indentation
Plugin 'SirVer/ultisnips'     " Track the engine.
Plugin 'honza/vim-snippets'   " Snippets are separated from the engine. Add this if you want them:

" plugin from http://vim-scripts.org/vim/scripts.html
" Plugin 'L9'
" 
" Git plugin not hosted on GitHub
" Plugin 'git://git.wincent.com/command-t.git'
"
" git repos on your local machine (i.e. when working on your own plugin)
" Plugin 'file:///home/gmarik/path/to/plugin'
" The sparkup vim script is in a subdirectory of this repo called vim.
" Pass the path to set the runtimepath properly.
" Plugin 'rstacruz/sparkup', {'rtp': 'vim/'}
" Install L9 and avoid a Naming conflict if you've already installed a
" different version somewhere else.
" Plugin 'ascenator/L9', {'name': 'newL9'}

" All of your Plugins must be added before the following line
call vundle#end()            " required
filetype plugin indent on    " required
"
" To ignore plugin indent changes, instead use:
filetype plugin on " load file type plugin 
filetype on        " file type detect on

"++++++++++++++++++++ nerdtree config++++++++++++++++++++
" :help nerdtree OR ? 
autocmd vimenter * NERDTree " open NERDTree when vim start up
let NERDTreeIgnore=['\.pyc$', '\~$', '\.so$', '\.dll$', '\.vim$', '\.swp$'] "ignore files in NERDTree
map <C-n> :NERDTreeToggle<CR>   
" ctrl-n to toggle NERDTree


"++++++++++++++++++++ nerdcommenter config++++++++++++++++++++
" :help nerdcommenter AND :help <LEADER> to see the leader is '\'
let g:NERDSpaceDelims = 1   " add space after comment delimiters by default
let g:NERDDefaultAlign = 'left'  " align line-wise comment delimiters flush left
let g:NERDAltDelims_java = 1 " use the alternative delimiters for a specific filetype by default 
let g:NERDCommentEmptyLines = 1 " If this option is turned on, then empty lines will be commented as well. Useful when commenting regions of code


"++++++++++++++++++++ tagbar config++++++++++++++++++++
" :help tagbar OR ?
" autocmd VimEnter * nested :TagbarOpen " open tagbar when vim start up
map <C-t> :TagbarToggle<CR>   
" ctrl-t to toggle tagbar
let g:tagbar_autofocus = 1 " If you set this option the cursor will move to the Tagbar window when it is
let g:rust_use_custom_ctags_defs = 1

"let g:tagbar_type_rust = {
"  \ 'ctagstype' : 'rust',
" 'ctagsbin' : '/path/to/your/universal/ctags',
"  \ 'kinds' : [
"      \ 'n:modules',
"      \ 's:structures:1',
"      \ 'i:interfaces',
"      \ 'c:implementations',
"      \ 'f:functions:1',
"      \ 'g:enumerations:1',
"      \ 't:type aliases:1:0',
"      \ 'v:constants:1:0',
"      \ 'M:macros:1',
"      \ 'm:fields:1:0',
"      \ 'e:enum variants:1:0',
"      \ 'P:methods:1',
"  \ ],
"  \ 'sro': '::',
"  \ 'kind2scope' : {
"      \ 'n': 'module',
"      \ 's': 'struct',
"      \ 'i': 'interface',
"      \ 'c': 'implementation',
"      \ 'f': 'function',
"      \ 'g': 'enum',
"      \ 't': 'typedef',
"      \ 'v': 'variable',
"      \ 'M': 'macro',
"      \ 'm': 'field',
"      \ 'e': 'enumerator',
"      \ 'P': 'method',
"  \ },
"\ }

"++++++++++++++++++++ airline config++++++++++++++++++++
map <C-a> :AirlineToggle<CR>   
" ctrl-a to toggle airline
let g:airline#extensions#tabline#enabled = 1 " enable enhanced tabline 
let g:airline#extensions#tabline#show_buffers = 1 " enable displaying buffers with a single tab. (c)


"++++++++++++++++++++ solarized config++++++++++++++++++++
syntax on
set t_Co=256
if has('gui_running')
	set background=dark                      " Set background color"
else
	set background=dark
endif

" COMMENT THIS WHEN SSH CONNECTION
colorscheme solarized 

"++++++++++++++++++++ cscope config++++++++++++++++++++
if has("cscope")
	set csprg=/usr/bin/cscope
	set csto=0
	set cst
	set nocsverb
	" add any database in current directory
	if filereadable("cscope.out")
		cs add cscope.out
		" else add database pointed to by environment
	elseif $CSCOPE_DB != ""
		cs add $CSCOPE_DB
	endif
	set csverb
    set cscopequickfix=s-,c-,d-,i-,t-,e-
endif

" Using 'CTRL-@' then a search type makes the vim window
nmap <C-@>s :cs find s <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR>
nmap <C-@>g :cs find g <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR>
nmap <C-@>c :cs find c <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR>
nmap <C-@>t :cs find t <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR>
nmap <C-@>e :cs find e <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR>
nmap <C-@>f :cs find f <C-R>=expand("<cfile>")<CR><CR>
nmap <C-@>i :cs find i ^<C-R>=expand("<cfile>")<CR>$<CR>
nmap <C-@>d :cs find d <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR>

" Using 'CTRL-spacebar' then a search type makes the vim window
" split horizontally, with search result displayed in
" the new window.
nmap <C-Space>s :scs find s <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR>
nmap <C-Space>g :scs find g <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR>
nmap <C-Space>c :scs find c <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR>
nmap <C-Space>t :scs find t <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR>
nmap <C-Space>e :scs find e <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR>
nmap <C-Space>f :scs find f <C-R>=expand("<cfile>")<CR><CR>
nmap <C-Space>i :scs find i ^<C-R>=expand("<cfile>")<CR>$<CR>
nmap <C-Space>d :scs find d <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR>

" Hitting CTRL-space *twice* before the search type does a vertical
" split instead of a horizontal one
nmap <C-Space><C-Space>s
	\:vert scs find s <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR>
nmap <C-Space><C-Space>g
	\:vert scs find g <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR>
nmap <C-Space><C-Space>c
	\:vert scs find c <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR>
nmap <C-Space><C-Space>t
	\:vert scs find t <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR>
nmap <C-Space><C-Space>e
	\:vert scs find e <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR>
nmap <C-Space><C-Space>i
	\:vert scs find i ^<C-R>=expand("<cfile>")<CR>$<CR>
nmap <C-Space><C-Space>d
	\:vert scs find d <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR>


"++++++++++++++++++++ markdown config++++++++++++++++++++
let g:vim_markdown_folding_disabled = 1
let g:vim_markdown_override_foldtext = 0
let g:vim_markdown_folding_level = 6
let g:vim_markdown_no_default_key_mappings = 1
let g:vim_markdown_toc_autofit = 1
let g:vim_markdown_conceal = 0
let g:vim_markdown_conceal_code_blocks = 0

"++++++++++++++++++++  markdown preview  config++++++++++++++++++++
" set to 1, nvim will open the preview window after entering the markdown buffer
" default: 0
let g:mkdp_auto_start = 0

" set to 1, the nvim will auto close current preview window when change
" from markdown buffer to another buffer
" default: 1
let g:mkdp_auto_close = 1

" set to 1, the vim will refresh markdown when save the buffer or
" leave from insert mode, default 0 is auto refresh markdown as you edit or
" move the cursor
" default: 0
let g:mkdp_refresh_slow = 0

" set to 1, the MarkdownPreview command can be use for all files,
" by default it can be use in markdown file
" default: 0
let g:mkdp_command_for_global = 0

" set to 1, preview server available to others in your network
" by default, the server listens on localhost (127.0.0.1)
" default: 0
let g:mkdp_open_to_the_world = 0

" use custom IP to open preview page
" useful when you work in remote vim and preview on local browser
" more detail see: https://github.com/iamcco/markdown-preview.nvim/pull/9
" default empty
let g:mkdp_open_ip = ''

" specify browser to open preview page
" for path with space
" valid: `/path/with\ space/xxx`
" invalid: `/path/with\\ space/xxx`
" default: ''
let g:mkdp_browser = ''

" set to 1, echo preview page url in command line when open preview page
" default is 0
let g:mkdp_echo_preview_url = 0

" a custom vim function name to open preview page
" this function will receive url as param
" default is empty
let g:mkdp_browserfunc = ''

" options for markdown render
" mkit: markdown-it options for render
" katex: katex options for math
" uml: markdown-it-plantuml options
" maid: mermaid options
" disable_sync_scroll: if disable sync scroll, default 0
" sync_scroll_type: 'middle', 'top' or 'relative', default value is 'middle'
"   middle: mean the cursor position alway show at the middle of the preview page
"   top: mean the vim top viewport alway show at the top of the preview page
"   relative: mean the cursor position alway show at the relative positon of the preview page
" hide_yaml_meta: if hide yaml metadata, default is 1
" sequence_diagrams: js-sequence-diagrams options
" content_editable: if enable content editable for preview page, default: v:false
" disable_filename: if disable filename header for preview page, default: 0
let g:mkdp_preview_options = {
    \ 'mkit': {},
    \ 'katex': {},
    \ 'uml': {},
    \ 'maid': {},
    \ 'disable_sync_scroll': 0,
    \ 'sync_scroll_type': 'middle',
    \ 'hide_yaml_meta': 1,
    \ 'sequence_diagrams': {},
    \ 'flowchart_diagrams': {},
    \ 'content_editable': v:false,
    \ 'disable_filename': 0,
    \ 'toc': {}
    \ }

" use a custom markdown style must be absolute path
" like '/Users/username/markdown.css' or expand('~/markdown.css')
let g:mkdp_markdown_css = ''

" use a custom highlight style must absolute path
" like '/Users/username/highlight.css' or expand('~/highlight.css')
let g:mkdp_highlight_css = ''

" use a custom port to start server or empty for random
let g:mkdp_port = ''

" preview page title
" ${name} will be replace with the file name
let g:mkdp_page_title = '「${name}」'

" recognized filetypes
" these filetypes will have MarkdownPreview... commands
let g:mkdp_filetypes = ['markdown']

" set default theme (dark or light)
" By default the theme is define according to the preferences of the system
let g:mkdp_theme = 'dark'

"++++++++++++++++++++ rust.vim config++++++++++++++++++++
" let g:rustfmt_autosave = 1 

"++++++++++++++++++++ YCM For Rust config++++++++++++++++++++
"install ycm step: 
" 1. add Plugin "ycm-core/YouCompleteMe" and PluginInstall/Update
" 2. cd ~
"    sudo apt install build-essential cmake python3-dev libclang1
"    sudo apt install libclang-dev -y
" 3. clangd --version 
"    sudo apt-get install clangd-12(XXVERSION)
"    sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/clangd clangd /usr/bin/clangd-12 100
" 4. cd ~/.vim/bundle/YouCompleteMe
"    sudo apt-get install python-dev python3-dev
" 5. cd ~ 
"    mkdir ycm_build
"    cd ycm_build
"    cmake -G "Unix Makefiles" . ~/.vim/bundle/YouCompleteMe/third_party/ycmd/cpp
"    cmake --build . --target ycm_core --config Release
" 6: cd ~
"    sudo apt-get install python-setuptools
"    cd ~/.vim/bundle/YouCompleteMe
"    git submodule update --init --recursive (if .vim/bundle/YouCompleteMe/third_party/ycmd/third_party is empty 
"    or watchdog directory is empty, MAY reExecute more than 1 time)
"    cd   ~/.vim/bundle/YouCompleteMe/third_party/ycmd/third_party/watchdog_deps/watchdog
"    sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/python python /usr/bin/python2.7 1
"    sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/python python /usr/bin/python3.8 2
"    update-alternatives --config python(pick python3)
"    python setup.py build --build-base=build/3 --build-lib=build/lib3
" 7. cd ~
"    sudo npm install -g --prefix third_party/tsserver typescript
" 8. rustup update
"    rustup toolchain install nightly
"    rustup default nightly
"    rustup component add rls
"    rustup component add rust-src
"    rustup component add rust-analysis
" 9. cd ~/.vim/bundle/YouCompleteMe
"    python3 ./install.py --clangd-completer --rust-completer --ts-completer
" 10. config .vim.rc about ycm as below
" clangd config
" Let clangd fully control code completion
 let g:ycm_clangd_uses_ycmd_caching = 0
 let g:ycm_clangd_binary_path = "/usr/bin/clangd"
 " ycm config
 let g:ycm_semantic_triggers={'c,cpp,python,rust,go,cs,javascript,typescript':['re!\w{2}']}
 " rust toolchain check command: rustc --print sysroot
 let g:ycm_rust_src_path='$HOME/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib/rustlib/src/rust/src'
 let g:ycm_complete_in_comments = 1
 let g:ycm_seed_identifiers_with_syntax = 1
 let g:ycm_collect_identifiers_from_tags_files = 1
" let g:ycm_goto_buffer_command='horizontal-split'
" let g:ycm_global_ycm_extra_conf='~/.vim/ycm_extra_conf.py'
set completeopt=menu,menuone " disable the function defininition preview window
set completeopt-=preview " disable windows to show up preview
let g:ycm_add_preview_to_completeopt=0
let g:ycm_autoclose_preview_window_after_completion=1
let g:ycm_autoclose_preview_window_after_insertion=1
let g:ycm_key_invoke_completion='<C-x>'
map <F12> : YcmCompleter GoToDefinitionElseDeclaration<CR>
" YCM Debug command:  YcmDebugInfo;  YcmRestartServer
"++++++++++++++++++++ make config++++++++++++++++++++

" %: current complete file name including suffix file type
" %<: current file name not including suffix file type

" c/c++/shell/python file compile and run
map <F5> :call CompileAndRun() <CR>
func! CompileAndRun()
    exec "w"
    if &filetype =='c'
        exec "!gcc % -o %<"
        exec "slicent !clear"
        exec "! ./%<"
    elseif &filetype =='cpp'
        exec "!g++ % -o %<"
        exec "slicent !clear"
        exec "! ./%<"
    elseif &filetype =='sh'
        exec "slicent !clear"
        exec "! ./%"
    elseif &filetype =='python'
        exec "slicent !clear"
        exec "!python ./%"
    endif
endfunc

map <F10> :call RunGdb() <CR>
func! RunGdb()
    exec "w"
    if &filetype == 'c'
        exec "!gcc % -g -o %<"
        exec "slicent !clear"
        exec "!gdb ./%<"
    elseif &filetype == 'cpp'
        exec "!g++ % -g -o %<"
        exec "slicent !clear"
        exec "!gdb ./%<"
    endif
endfunc

"++++++++++++++++++++ leader f config++++++++++++++++++++
let g:Lf_ShortcutF= '<c-p>'
let g:Lf_ShortcutB= '<c-b>'
let g:WorkingDirectoryMode = 'AF'
let g:Lf_RootMarkers = ['.git', '.svn', '.hg', '.project', '.root']
let g:Lf_PreviewInPopup = 1
let g:Lf_WindowHeight = 0.30
let g:Lf_StlColorscheme= 'powerline'

"++++++++++++++++++++ simpyl fold config++++++++++++++++++++
let g:SimpylFold_docstring_preview=1

"++++++++++++++++++++ flake config++++++++++++++++++++
let python_highlight_all=1

"++++++++++++++++++++ indent line config++++++++++++++++++++
let g:indentLine_char_list = ['|', '¦', '┆', '┊']
" let g:indentLine_color_term = 255 " change color 
map <F3> :IndentLinesToggle<cr> " F3 toggle indent line function

"++++++++++++++++++++ UltiSnips  config++++++++++++++++++++
let g:UltiSnipsExpandTrigger="<tab>"
let g:UltiSnipsJumpForwardTrigger="<c-b>"
let g:UltiSnipsJumpBackwardTrigger="<c-z>"

" If you want :UltiSnipsEdit to split your window.
let g:UltiSnipsEditSplit="vertical"

"++++++++++++++++++++ ALE  config++++++++++++++++++++
let g:ale_linters = {
            \ 'rust': ['analyzer'],
\}
let g:ale_fixers = {
            \ 'rust': ['rustfmt', 'trim_whitespace', 'remove_trailing_lines']
\}

" Optional, configure as-you-type completions
let g:ale_completion_enabled = 1"
let g:ale_python_flake8_options = '--max-line-length=88'

"++++++++++++++++++++ autopairs config++++++++++++++++++++
let g:AutoPairsFlyMode = 1
map <F2> :AutoPairsShortcutToggle<cr> " F2 toggle indent line function

"++++++++++++++++++++ fzf config++++++++++++++++++++
"append and export MACRO in .zshrc AND .bashrc
"
" # FZF using ripgrep [support multi-files search]
" # Set custom color schemes
" # Check color schemes : https://github.com/junegunn/fzf/wiki/Color-schemes
" if type rg &> /dev/null; then
"   export FZF_DEFAULT_COMMAND='rg --files'
"   export FZF_DEFAULT_OPTS='
"   -m --height 30% --border 
"   --color fg:242,bg:236,hl:65,fg+:15,bg+:239,hl+:108
"   --color info:108,prompt:109,spinner:108,pointer:168,marker:168
"   '
" fi
"
" Echo $SHELL to check DEFAULT shell and echo $0 to check CURRENT shell
" Switch to related shell by zsh AND bash command and source .zshrc AND .bashrc
"
" Remap shortkey
nnoremap <silent> <leader>f :Files<CR>
nnoremap <silent> <leader>g :GFiles<CR>
nnoremap <silent> <leader>r :Rg<CR>
nnoremap <silent> <leader>b :Buffers<CR>
nnoremap <silent> <leader>l :BLines<CR>
nnoremap <silent> <leader>t :Helptags<CR>
nnoremap <silent> <leader>h :History<CR>
nnoremap <silent> <leader>h: :History:<CR>
nnoremap <silent> <leader>h/ :History/<CR>
" Set grepprg as RipGrep 
if executable("rg")
    set grepprg=rg\ --vimgrep\ --smart-case\ --hidden\ --follow
    set grepformat=%f:%l:%c:%m,%f:%l:%m
endif
"
" Exclude rg content search in file names and only search file contents
command! -bang -nargs=* Rg call fzf#vim#grep("rg --column --line-number --no-heading --color=always --smart-case ".shellescape(<q-args>), 1, {'options': '--delimiter : --nth 4..'}, <bang>0)

"
" Rg basic Search Usage:
" Search for foo in current working directory: :grep foo.
" Search for foo in files under src/: :grep foo src.
" Search for foo in current file directory: :grep foo %:h.
" Search for foo in current file directory’s parent directory: :grep foo %:h:h (and so on).
" Search for the exact word foo (not foobar): :grep -w foo (equivalent to :grep '\bfoo\b').
" Search for foo in files matching a glob: :grep foo -g '*.rs'
"
" Quickfix Replace Usage:
" :cdo s/foo/bar/gc. And then :cfdo update
"

" ********** Brief help **********
" :PluginList       - lists configured plugins
" :PluginInstall    - installs plugins; append `!` to update or just
" :PluginUpdate
" :PluginSearch foo - searches for foo; append `!` to refresh local cache
" :PluginClean      - confirms removal of unused plugins; append `!` to auto-approve removal
" " see :h vundle for more details or wiki for FAQ
"

本人的VIM环境整体的配置效果如图所示:
vim-cfg

左边窗口是NerdTree，右边是Tagbar，下方是fzf

附:
比较齐全的VIM命令图解:
vim-cmd
vim-cmd2

总结

工欲善其事必先利其器, 如果是在C/C++/Python等语言下做开发,VIM作为其编辑器在使用熟练情况能够一定程度上提高生产力,但是必须面对一个事实是:VIM的学习曲线很陡,需要不停的折腾.自己也是在不断的学习和了解它,不过慢慢感觉使用多了,习惯了使用它编辑,很快你就会喜欢上它。

参考

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vim_(text_editor)

www.vim.org

http://www.tuicool.com/articles/f6feae

https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/linux/l-cn-tip-vim/

http://yannesposito.com/Scratch/en/blog/Learn-Vim-Progressively/

http://www.cnblogs.com/DillGao/p/6268165.html